Journal: Chemosphere

Article Title: In vitro antiandrogenic effects of the herbicide linuron and its metabolites.

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140773

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Chemical structures of linuron and its metabolites 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methoxyurea (DCXU) and 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea (DCU), which are included in this study. This figure was prepared using ChemDraw.

Article Snippet: Linuron (CAS no. 330-55-2, purity ≥ 98%) and DCA (CAS no. 95-76- 1, purity ≥ 97.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Brøndby, Denmark), the other metabolites DCU (CAS no. 2327-02-8, abcr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, purity ≥ 98%) and DCXU (CAS no. 17356-61-5, purity ≥ 94%) were purchased from LGC Standards (GmbH, Germany).

Techniques:

Journal: Chemosphere

Article Title: In vitro antiandrogenic effects of the herbicide linuron and its metabolites.

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140773

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Androgen receptor agonism and antagonism in vitro induced by linuron, DCA, DCXU and DCU. A: Concentration-response curves for androgen receptor antagonism of the four compounds in the AR EcoScreen™ assay. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of test compounds in the presence of 0.1 nM R1881. Data from the experiments were normalized to the vehicle control, which was fixed at 1. The values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). B: Androgen receptor agonism of linuron and its metabolites. Data are based on means from three independent experiments (mean ± SD) and the values are presented as mean fold induction of luciferase activity compared to that of vehicle control, which was set to 1. C: The positive controls for antagonism, OHF and agonism, R1881 were tested at concentrations ranging from 4 to 9000 nM and 0.008–1 nM, respectively. Data from the experiments were normalized to the negative control, which was set to 1. The values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). c: cytotoxic effect.

Article Snippet: Linuron (CAS no. 330-55-2, purity ≥ 98%) and DCA (CAS no. 95-76- 1, purity ≥ 97.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Brøndby, Denmark), the other metabolites DCU (CAS no. 2327-02-8, abcr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, purity ≥ 98%) and DCXU (CAS no. 17356-61-5, purity ≥ 94%) were purchased from LGC Standards (GmbH, Germany).

Techniques: In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Control, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Negative Control

Journal: Chemosphere

Article Title: In vitro antiandrogenic effects of the herbicide linuron and its metabolites.

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140773

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 9. Ratios between testosterone and estradiol levels following exposure to linuron, DCA, DCXU and DCU. Blue colour: linuron, orange colour: DCA, green colour: DCXU and light blue colour: DCU.

Article Snippet: Linuron (CAS no. 330-55-2, purity ≥ 98%) and DCA (CAS no. 95-76- 1, purity ≥ 97.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Brøndby, Denmark), the other metabolites DCU (CAS no. 2327-02-8, abcr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, purity ≥ 98%) and DCXU (CAS no. 17356-61-5, purity ≥ 94%) were purchased from LGC Standards (GmbH, Germany).

Techniques:

Journal: Chemosphere

Article Title: In vitro antiandrogenic effects of the herbicide linuron and its metabolites.

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140773

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 8. Effects of linuron, DCA, DCXU and DCU on production of testosterone, androstenedione, estradiol, and corticosterone in H295R cells. The values are pre sented as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P ≤0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Blue colour: linuron, orange colour: DCA, green colour: DCXU and light blue colour: DCU.

Article Snippet: Linuron (CAS no. 330-55-2, purity ≥ 98%) and DCA (CAS no. 95-76- 1, purity ≥ 97.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Brøndby, Denmark), the other metabolites DCU (CAS no. 2327-02-8, abcr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, purity ≥ 98%) and DCXU (CAS no. 17356-61-5, purity ≥ 94%) were purchased from LGC Standards (GmbH, Germany).

Techniques: